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Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-552735

ABSTRACT

Concluído o atendimento inicial com a realização das manobras básicas preconizadas pelo ATLS® (Advanced Trauma Life Support), o manejo das fraturas expostas figura entre as prioridades no atendimento inicial ortopédico em politraumatizados. Lavagem abundante, desbridamento adequado, profilaxia antitetânica e antibioticoterapia intravenosa precoce e de amplo espectro são fundamentais para o adequado manejo das mesmas. Fraturas da pelve e do quadril, francamente relacionadas a traumas de alta energia, são as únicas que, por estarem ligadas a grandes sangramentos retroperitoniais, podem levar ao óbito logo após o trauma, configurando emergências traumatológicas. As fraturas em membro inferior apresentam alta morbidade, sendo as de tíbia as consideradas mais frequentes dentre as expostas e em ossos longos. Embora as de fêmur se apresentem com menor frequência, acabam por deixar sequelas mais importantes. Diferentemente destas, as fraturas de escápula, clavícula, rádio e ulna podem receber um manejo simples de redução e contenção, requerendo apenas em casos particulares de intervenções cirúrgicas. A avaliação radiológica no politraumatizado jamais deve interromper as manobras de reanimação. Duas incidências radiográficas ortogonais costumam ser suficientes para a visualização de lesões ortopédicas. Outros exames normalmente ficam reservados para um segundo tempo do atendimento na avaliação de estruturas e lesões de maior complexidade.


Following performance of basic procedures recommended by ATLS® (Advanced Trauma Life Support), the management of open fractures is a priority in the early orthopedic management of polytrauma patients. Thorough washing, adequate debridement, tetanus prophylaxis and early, broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotic therapy are key elements for the adequate management of these lesions. Pelvic and hip fractures usually result from high-energy trauma and are the only ones that may lead to death soon after the traumatic event, because of the possibility of major retroperitoneal bleeding; these cases should therefore be considered as orthopedic emergencies. Lower limb fractures present high morbidity, and tibial fractures are the most frequent ones among open fractures affecting long bones. Femoral fractures, although less frequent, usually have important sequelae. On the other hand, scapular, clavicle, radial and ulnar fractures can be easily managed by reduction and immobilization, rarely requiring surgical intervention. The radiological assessment of polytrauma patients should never interrupt ressuscitation procedures. Two orthogonal radiographic projections are usually enough for the analysis of orthopedic lesions. Additional exams are usually reserved for a second stage, during the assessment of structures and lesions of higher complexity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Wounds and Injuries/diagnosis , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology , Wounds and Injuries/etiology , Wounds and Injuries/mortality , Wounds and Injuries/pathology , Wounds and Injuries/prevention & control , Emergency Medical Services/methods , Emergency Medical Services/standards , Emergency Medical Services/trends , Amputation, Surgical , Clavicle , Femoral Fractures , Fractures, Bone , Hip Fractures , Joint Dislocations , Radius Fractures , Tibial Fractures , Ulna Fractures
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